Women Discrimination In United States - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1451 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2019/06/24 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Sexism Essay Did you like this example? About two in five women (42%) in the United States say they have faced discrimination on the job because of their gender states Kim Parker and Cary Funk (Gender Discrimination Comes in Many Forms for Todays Working Women). Sexism is something that transpires everywhere and its been around since the first of men and women. Sexism is shown through multiple different styles and every form of it has the same type of effect on our society. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Women Discrimination In United States" essay for you Create order The book Under A Painted Sky by Stacey Lee faces a constant barrier to the American dream described as sexism. From the first page of the novel, all the way to the last, sexism was shown realistically through two of the main characters, Sammy and Andy. They had to act, speak, and dress correspondingly to men. Sammy was performing at a trailer stop, as a boy, and all of a sudden her female appearance gets disclosed as her hat blows off and reveals her hair. Damn, my hat blew off! (Lee 254). On their excursion, while heading west toward the frontier, the two girls came face to face with many sexist remarks and allegations. Andy and Sammy feel in a way as if they are being targeted because the men they travel with think they are superior to women. This is a barrier due to the fact that even nowadays men and women are still treated unequally. Both girls had to dress in men clothes and had to function as manly as possible to make them seem like legitimate males so the other men would allow them to travel along with them instead of staying at home and doing work around the house like other women. Acting and dressing and speaking like men affected each of the girls personalities extremely. Sammy and Andy transform from disrespected women to independent men. In the 1950s, women were assumed to stay at home and take care of their children while the men went to work to provide for their families financially. According to Oprah Winfrey, women are just as skillful and intelligent as men are and they should pursue their dreams with excellence no matter what. I was raised to believe that excellence is the best deterrent to sexism. And thats how I operate my life states Oprah. Oprah has a talk show that altered the lives of many. She expressed her deepest thoughts to the television about making people realize that they need to accept others disregarding gender, ethnicity, and disabilities. She became known all around America because of her powerful words and extraordinary efforts toward those three main topics. The American barrier is brought up multiple times in the book I chose to read and opened itself up to talk about the past and the present topic of sexism. In Under A Painted Sky by Stacey Lee, Annamae (Andys real name before Sammy and he r turn into boys) says to Sammy, What if we werent two girls, but two young men (21). When this book was written, women were considered less intelligent, weaker, and should stay at home to take care of children and clean the house. The two girls had to completely change their appearance to look like males so people would let them travel alongside. This demonstrates that just because they were female, men would look at them differently, treat them differently, and potentially hurt them and take advantage of them. According to the Harvard Business Review article, What Research Tells Us About How Women are Treated at Work, women and men were found to be treated equally, just get different paychecks for doing the same type of work because of how they were looked upon. The article in conclusion says, Our analysis suggests that the difference in promotion rates between men and women in this company was due not to their behavior but to how they were treated. This study really showed how its not because of how their behaviors were vastly different, but because of how people a ct to women. Changing womens behavior † to ?lean-in, for example † might miss the bigger picture: Gender inequality is due to bias, not differences in behavior (Harvard Business Review). There are studies that show men treat women differently solemnly because women are more fragile, less intelligent, and weaker (Harvard Business Review). Over the years the way men treat women has slightly changed. Andy and Sammy from the novel had to worry about men overpowering them and being dominant. A glimpse of a ladys ankle is like the first sip of wine; makes you thirsty for the whole bottle. Now, before we make any agreements, Id like to test the goods (Lee, 17). This man, Mr. Yorkshire, attempted to take advantage of a young fifteen-year-old because he knew that he had more power than Sammy and she would be an easy target to fulfill Tys hankering. Not only do women have great intelligence, but more strength than any man would ever know. Women are just as capable as men are to do anything they desire. For example, changing the two girls appearances helped them in an extensive way when the New York police were searching for them after they found the dead mans body. It seems no one had a picture of me to print so they pulled one of some Chinese women in her twenties smoking a cigarette (Lee, 289). The police were more distresse d about finding two women that killed a man, even if it wasnt the actual person who committed the crime. If a man had killed a person the Federals would do anything they could to make sure they had the right person. The girls put the crime behind them and focused on attaining the goal to find friends and family, but most importantly to survive. Sexism has changed throughout many years, but it hasnt changed in a tremendous quantity by any means. Sexism was very controlling to women until the 1960s when the nineteenth amendment was passed. Women were treated more fairly and were obligated to just as much as men were. Still to this day women are being treated differently than men, especially in a working environment. For example, Nike was just accused of being sexist and not doing anything about womens reports of demeaning treatment and sexual harassment. According to Voxs article Why the Gender Discrimination Lawsuit Against Nike is so Significant a reporter states, They reported male supervisors who called them vulgar names and discussed their bodies, and even one who threw his keys at a subordinate and called her a stupid bitch. The women said their complaints to human resources didnt change anything. Women should have not put up with sexist statements or actions ever. Nobody even reacted to their reports, hence the women i nvolved took it upon themselves to create a lawsuit against Nike. Likewise in Under A Painted Sky, Andy was fearful after she had accidentally killed Ty Yorkshire when he tried to rape her. Does killing a man who tried to rape me count as murder? For me, it probably does (Lee, 19). If Sammy were to get found when she ran away, it was most likely the police wouldnt have believed her side of the story and she wouldve been sent to prison for murder. Women were treated astonishingly unimportant in the setting during the 1850s. Anyone on the street would most certainly take a mans word over a womans on any given day. When Sammy and Andy have to change their appearances from being girls to boys, it takes a while for them to adjust, but being male helps them do things they couldnt as girls. You miss being a girl? I ask her. ?Not as much as I thought I would. Just feels like when Im being a boy, I can cut a wider path (Lee, 119). Being a girl back then was difficult. Men used women to show off, and often they didnt care about their personality or how they acted, but solely about looks. I dont understand the constant need to prove ones manhood as if it is always on the verge of slipping away. We never need to prove our womanhood (Lee, 213). Towards the end of the novel, the girls decided that men have proved themselves enough, but they needed to make women known to be more than just an item, but to be known as strong, independent, and reliable humans. In this day and age, us women are still fighting for equal rights and fair treatment. According to Rainer Maria Rilke, The only journey is the one within, and its been a long journey for overcoming sexism, but we still have some time before we conquer this obstacle to achieve the American dream.

Darwin s Theory Of Natural Selection - 1128 Words

Charles Darwin broached the theory of natural selection in his book the Origin of Species, which has been considered the basis of evolutionary biology to this day. Natural selection is when populations of a species evolve over the course of many generations. Darwin believed that species were not created separately, but instead, species were derived from one another. In other words, the evolution of species creates many variations among creatures, and this is because all of those species came from a common ancestor, and characteristics changed to increase the species chance of survival. Many scientists believe variations are caused by environmental factors, such as food availability, weather and more; and that species evolve when environmental conditions change to increase the species survival. Darwin censures this idea; he believed that the main cause of variation is due to reproduction (Chapter I). Darwin suggested that parents pass down specific characteristics to their offspring, and those variations are continued on in the following generations. The problem with Darwin’s theory of reproduction is that Darwin did not comprehend how or why some characteristics are perennial and how others are not. Darwin’s inferences on variations also conflict with the idea that God created species independently, which was widely understood by many people in a time where religion was prominent (Chapter II). In chapter III Darwin discusses how the Struggle for existence affects naturalShow MoreRelatedDarwin s Theory Of Natural Selection1638 Words   |  7 PagesWays that Darwin’s theory of natural selection was transformative to his society According to thefreedictionary.com the definition of natural selection is the process in which, according to Darwin’s theory of evolution, organisms that are better adapted to their environment tend to survive longer and transmit more of their genetic characteristics to succeeding generations, than do those that are less well adapted. The following section will cover aspects on which Darwin’s theory was transformativeRead MoreCharles Darwin And Darwin s Theory Of Natural Selection1489 Words   |  6 Pagesto discover that this species has been completely altered. This outcome is a direct result of a ubiquitous phenomenon theorized by none other than Charles Darwin, a prestigious naturalist and biologist. This venerable man was able to unveil many revelations regarding variability through the development of his theory of natural selection (Darwin and Huxley xii). Having an inherent adoration toward nature as a young child likely provided a significant incentive. Though Darwin’s thesis is not immaculateRead MoreCharles Darwin s Theory Of Natural Selection1399 Words   |  6 Pages(thoughtco). Charles Darwin’s theory clearly state that evolution occurs by natural selection. Darwin published a book in 1859 on the origin of species. In the book Darwin talks about the philosophy of natural selection. Natural selection is when a group of species show variation in their physical characters. This is because of the difference in their gene. Charles Darwin proposed that natural selection acts to preserve accumulate minor advantageous genetic mutations (Darwin’s-theory-of-evolution). EvolutionRead MoreDarwin s Theory Of Natural Selection1288 Words   |  6 Pagesmakeup (phenotype makeup) of a population over time; or a change in allele frequencies in a population over time (College Biology, 2014, p. 513). Darwin’s theory of natural selection says that organisms have great potential fertility, natural resources are very limited, variation in phenotypes exists among individuals within a species, natural populations naturally remain constant and consistent in size, and traits (an observable or measurable characteristic) that an organism holds are heritableRead MoreDarwin s Theory Of Natural Selection1189 Words   |  5 PagesCharles Darwin presented his theory of natural selection in On the Origin of Species he was aware that it would not easily be accepted. Darwin compares the struggle he anticipates to the challenges encountered in other scientific fields, writing, â€Å"The difficulty is the same as felt by so many geologists, when Lyell first insisted that long lines of island cliffs had been formed, and great valleys excavated, by the slow action of the coast-waves† (Darwin, 392). Darwin anticipates that his theory willRead MoreCharles Darwin s Theory Of Natural Selection Essay1707 Words   |  7 PagesWhen Charles Darwin first developed his theory of Natural selection, he discovered that â€Å"Individuals in populations vary their â€Å"heritable† traits† (Leicht and McAllister, 2006. p. 157). And that â€Å"if a particular inherited trait confers a higher likelihood of survival and reproduction, individuals with that trait will leave more offspring than other individuals in the population† (Leicht and McAllister, 2006. p.157). With this in mind, during project 3 we took pooled data of the entire class in orderRead MoreCharles Darwin s Theory Of Natural Selection2372 Words   |  10 PagesCharles Darwin in his theory of natural selection said â€Å" the fittest of the fittest will survive,† and year after year China has proven they are the fittest by climbing the economic ladder, as Mark Schwartz Vice Chairman of Goldman Sachs and Chairman of Golden Sachs Asia Pacific, claims in his speech â€Å"China’s Economic Success and Opportunities,† â€Å"China is coming out of a period of rapid growth almost ten percent over the last thirty (30) years. In 2013 China’s gross domestic product (GDP) was 9Read MoreCharles Darwin s Theory Of Evolution And Natural Selection2114 Words   |  9 PagesCharles Darwin Charles Darwin was born in Shrewsbury, England, on February 12, 1809. He died on April 19, 1882 in Kent, England (Biography.com Editors). Charles Darwin brought many revolutionary visions to the world of science, including evolution. Charles Darwin was an English naturalist and geologist. He is best known for his theory of evolution, and natural selection. Darwin learned most of his information on the Voyage of the Beagle, and from this trip he wrote a book, Of the Origin of SpeciesRead MoreDarwin ´s Theory of Natural Selection and Primates1285 Words   |  6 PagesLamarck. Although Darwin was not the first thinker about the concept of evolution, he was a revolutionary in developing a theory of evolution that was consistent. The distinctive element of the evolutionary theory conceived by Darwin is the way he viewed species. Darwin considered variation among individuals of a species to be natural. He further argued that variation, far from being problematic, actually provides the explanation for the existence of distinct species. Darwin adopted elementsRead MoreCharles Darwin s Theory Of Natural Selection1408 Words   |  6 Pagesbenefit in result of the heritable genes and eventually through generations, the variants will be spread throughout the entire population (Montgomery, 2009). Charles Darwin’s theory of natural selection can be supported through both fossils and homologous structures. A technique that supports Charles Darwin’s theory of natural selection is fossils. A fossil is the remnant or imprint of a previous animal embedded in rock and preserved in petrified form (J, Castro, 2013). Fossils are used and are still important

Edward Albee’s presentation of Nick and his role in Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf Free Essays

In ‘Who’s afraid of Virginia Woolf’ by Edward Albee, a main character that is revealed in this play is Nick who plays an important role presented by Albee in different ways. The play which, ‘’shows malicious humiliation and love and tenderness and bitterness’’ is set on the campus of a small, New England university. Nick is presented in part as an on-stage audience for George and Martha to act out their verbal banter. We will write a custom essay sample on Edward Albee’s presentation of Nick and his role in Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf or any similar topic only for you Order Now Moreover the character of nick is used as a compare and contrast to George. The audience sees nick as an image of youthful pride, unblemished, athletic whose very life is dedicated to eliminating the imperfections in human genes, but is himself revealed as flawed in the play. The young couple Nick and Honey are presented as ‘’passive observers. They serve solely as the objects of manipulation’’. George and Martha simply use the younger, less experienced couple to manoeuvre for advantage in their own bitter struggle. This is further shown in act two by George when he states, ‘’I’ll tell you what game we’ll play. We’re done with humiliate the hosts†¦ how about a little game of get the guests?† George attempts to regain power which is an ongoing theme in the play by humiliating nick and honey. He uses what nick told him about honey’s hysterical pregnancy against them. Could Cold War Have Been Avoided? iframe class="wp-embedded-content" sandbox="allow-scripts" security="restricted" style="position: absolute; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);" src="https://phdessay.com/could-cold-war-have-been-avoided/embed/#?secret=8TqSCRtaSw" data-secret="8TqSCRtaSw" width="500" height="282" title="#8220;Could Cold War Have Been Avoided?#8221; #8212; Free Essays - PhDessay.com" frameborder="0" marginwidth="0" marginheight="0" scrolling="no"/iframe Secondly, Nick’s role as a compare and contrast to George is important as both of them possess certain traits that the other lacks and envies. While George is frustrated with his life and the illusions that Martha and he have made, Nick contrastingly is yet to rise in his conquest for power. Throughout the entire play, George and nick proceed through an ongoing verbal battle, competing for the position of high standing power. George attacks nick’s profession because he is afraid of artificially changing the way that people are supposed to turn out, ‘’ I’ve been drawing you out on this stuff, not because I’m interested in your terrible lifehood, but only because you represent a direct and pertinent threat to my lifehoood George openly admits that he’s intimidated by Nick’s youthful potential, and that he’s seeking a way to undermine it. The audience see’s nick as an ideal man, coldly ambitious, good-looking and athletic who represents the idea of technological advancement. According to Martha he depicts, ‘’the perfect paragon of beauty and achievement’’. But as George and Martha ruthlessly involve them in their verbal battles, Albee reveals many flaws in nick in particular. It becomes revealed that the marriage of Nick and Honey is less than perfect and has serious problems. The appearance of a perfect marriage between Nick and Honey is shattered by Nick’s admission that they got married because she was pregnant as stated by Nick, ‘’ I married her because she was pregnant. [†¦] It was a hysterical pregnancy. She blew up, and then she went down’’. Additionally Nick, the perfect model of a new faculty member, is rather easily seduced by Martha, â€Å"That’s right, lunkhead; answer the door†¦or are you too drunk to do that, too? Canâ €™t get the latch up, either? Since nick failed to perform in the bedroom, he has lost all status in his relationship with Martha. This also makes one doubt the love in his marriage to honey. In who’s afraid of Virginia Woolf by Edward Albee, nick is a very important character presented by Albee. Not only is he presented in part as an on-stage audience for George and Martha, he also exposes the falseness of â€Å"The American Dream’’ through his relationship with honey. As the perfect image of Nick and Honey crumbles, the final idealization of marriage and family also collapses. Edward Albee suggests that people in America are living in an illusion to which they hold on dearly to avoid facing the reality of a perfect marriage, children, wealth, success, education and religion, All of which compromise the American dream and hence Albee attacks and mocks this idea in the play which is revealed by the main characters to the audience. How to cite Edward Albee’s presentation of Nick and his role in Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf, Papers

E-Business Commonwealth Bank Australia

Question: Discuss about theE-Business for Commonwealth Bank Australia. Answer: Introduction Commonwealth Bank is one of the leading banks in Australia that provides a number of banking and financial services to its customers along with retail, insurance, premium, superannuation and many others. E-business is a business strategy and presence that is a must and the same is expected by the customers as well. Customers prefer the applications and services to be completely accessible through web as a medium and the report covers the same aspect for the Commonwealth Bank of Australia. Companys operations, e-commerce site description and utility, e-business applications, e-commerce marketing strategy, e-commerce supply chain strategy, e-commerce security strategy and IT architecture are covered in the report. Overview of Companys Operations Commonwealth Bank of Australia offers financial and banking services to the customers and its operations include integrated financial services, including retail, premium, business and institutional banking, funds management, superannuation, insurance, investment and share-broking products and services. There are a number of initiatives that are run by the company such as in the sectors of education, innovation, performance reporting and many others (Commbank, 2016). E-Commerce Site The e-commerce site of the Commonwealth Bank of Australia is easy to use and lists out all the features and functionalities in a clear and concise manner. There is a menu that is placed at the top of the home page that includes the menu options and sub-options to allow the user to choose from the desired one. There are also a number of options for the assistance to the user in terms of the search capability, technical assistance or other help that may be required. Log in functionality and the option to choose the location automatically or manually is also included in the e-commerce site. The company overview, contact details and the operations are also listed in an easy to understand structure. E-Business Applications The banking and finance related services that are present on the e-commerce site are categorized in to three categories as personal, business, corporate and institutional. The applications that are offered to the customers through the e-commerce site are as listed below. Banking There are a number of banking services that are offered by the application of the Commonwealth Game of Australia. The customers can view and apply for a number of banking account types such as savings account, transaction account and likewise. Credit card selector tool can also be utilized through this application along with the repayment calculator. A comparison between the various options under the banking account or credit cards can also be done to make the user understand the best available option as per the requirements. Personal loan services allow the user to use the selector tool, borrowing calculator and repayment calculator to understand the services that are offered. Insurance, travelling, savings, youth banking and buying a car are some of the other services offered under this application. The registered users who have availed the net banking can utilize the personal banking services as well such as balance enquiry, transferring of the funds and likewise. Home Buying The application provides the users with all the essential details that would assist them in the process of buying a new home. The information around the home loans such as repayments calculator, upfront cost, borrowing calculator and much more can be used along with applying for the home loan. A detailed and step by step guidance is also made available for a number of buying options such as purchasing of a new home, renovation of the existing home, refinance of the home, purchase of another home, processes during the building and construction of the home and many others (Magutu, 2016). Investing This is the application that allows the users and the customers to invest better and smarter. It lists out the details on share trading, term deposits, managed funds, property investments, investment growth bonds and SMSF. Financial planning and the planning associated with the investments can be done with ease through the aid of this application that is offered by the Commonwealth Bank of Australia. Super and Retiring There are a number of options under this application as low fee super funds and self managed super funds along with the steps to plan better for the retirement. This application would allow the customers to invest better by proving a set of guidelines to follow and would also allow the ease of banking through the e-banking medium. Financial planning and the tracking of the account and the related activities can also be done easily with this application. E-Commerce Marketing Strategy There are a number of e-commerce marketing strategies that have been followed by the Commonwealth Bank of Australia to ensure that its online presence is noticed and utilized by the customers. The footer section of the site provides a link to the popular social media platforms such as Facebook, LinkedIn, Google+, Twitter and YouTube to allow the visitors to connect with the site using any of these mediums. It will not only allow the customers to feel connected with the site but will also market the site on the social media platforms through these user accounts. The social media presence and social media marketing is extremely necessary for the present day businesses and the same has been utilized intelligently by the business (Evans, 2016). The site has been optimized correctly and quite intelligently to score well on the site rankings and the results that are retrieved from the search engines. The non-functional requirements such as usability, availability and reliability of the services are included so that the site can reach out to maximum number of users and maintain a strong customer base. It is believed that presence and addition of a blog can improve the site traffic and customer engagement associated with a particular e-commerce website. The strategy has been well adopted by the Commonwealth Bank of Australia as there is a link the sites blog in the footer section. The blog presents a number of user reviews, stories, experiences and other details about the services and applications offered by the business and are also updated frequently. This adds a lot to the excellent marketing strategy that is adopted by the business (Shabbir, 2016). E-Commerce Supply Chain Strategy The e-commerce and e-business utilization by the Commonwealth Bank of Australia has ensured the customers with the quicker response to their requests, non-stop utilization of the services and faster delivery as well. Since the company is associated with banking and financial operations, there is not huge amount of inventory that is associated with it. However, the required supply chain strategies to maintain the supply chain management have been adapted by the company. The response to the customer requests is given almost immediately along with the adoption of continuous improvement and updates associated with all of the services, applications and operations. The necessary information associated with every single component is also made available on the website of the company to maintain the flow of the supply chains (Reis, 2016). E-Commerce Security Strategies Security has emerged as a huge concern for the e-businesses due to the increase in the number of attacks and the options to introduce the attacks. There are a number of entry points that are now available to the attackers which has made the overall security infrastructure weaker and more exposed than before. However, there is a constant effort being done to improve the security practices and the same is the case with the Commonwealth Bank of Australia (Lao and Wang, 2005). Since the services that are offered by the company are associated with banking and finance, the nature of information that is associated with it is sensitive, confidential and private in nature. There are mechanisms that are adopted to maintain the security of the business. There is a login functionality implemented in the web site to allow only the authenticated customers to use the core features of the site and single sign on and single sign offs are implemented in the same along with the multi-layer authentication as well. The information that is exchanged over the site is also encrypted so that the attackers may not succeed in utilizing the information even when they get hold of it. A secure version of Http that is Https is used for accessing the web site so that all the communications that are wired over the site are encrypted and secure (Niranjanamurthy, 2016). IT Architecture The e-business and the e-commerce web site of Commonwealth Bank of Australia follow a well defined IT architecture in the design and the implementation as well. The necessary aspects of the architecture such as fulfillment of the functional and non-functional requirements along with the ability to provide the enhanced user experience has been made possible with the help of the site. The e-commerce IT model that is used in the site is Business to Consumer (B2C) and Business to Business (B2B) in this case. The major portion of the services that are available are designed for the consumers such as banking, investing and likewise. The small and medium scale businesses can also make use of the services through the corporate and business banking options. Conclusion E-commerce is the buzzword in the present era and it is difficult for any business or organization to flourish in the present era without the online presence. Commonwealth Bank of Australia is one such company that has a marked online presence and has an e-commerce web site as well to offer the services and applications to the customers. There are a number of e-business applications that are offered to the customers for personal or corporate banking in terms of home buying, banking, credit card related activities and many others. The marketing strategy that has been adopted by the business is also as per the latest marketing norms and parameters. The involvement of social media platforms and social media marketing strategy has enabled the company to reach out to the maximum number of customers. IT architecture and the supply chain strategies that have been adopted are also in accordance with the required services. Security is also something that is taken care of properly by the site owners by the involvement of the advanced and latest security mechanisms. Use of multi layers authentication, secure http, encrypted information and likewise are also implemented well in the web site. References Commbank, (2016). Personal banking including accounts, credit cards and home loans - CommBank. [online] Commbank.com.au. Available at: https://www.commbank.com.au/ [Accessed 23 Sep. 2016]. Evans, M. (2016). Forbes Welcome. [online] Forbes.com. Available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/allbusiness/2014/01/16/12-e-commerce-strategies-to-grow-your-business-this-year/#29b47c86ec9d [Accessed 23 Sep. 2016]. Lao, G. and Wang, L. (2005). Application of e-commerce security management strategy in banking. Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Electronic commerce - ICEC '05. Magutu, P. (2016). E-Commerce Products and Services in the Banking Industry: The Adoption and Usage in Commercial Banks in Kenya. [online] Available at: https://ibimapublishing.com/articles/JEBS/2011/678961/678961.pdf [Accessed 23 Sep. 2016]. Niranjanamurthy, M. (2016). The study of E-Commerce Security Issues and Solutions. [online] Available at: https://www.ijarcce.com/upload/2013/july/69-o-Niranjanamurthy%20-The%20study%20of%20E-Commerce%20Security%20Issues%20and%20Solutions.pdf [Accessed 23 Sep. 2016]. Reis, J. (2016). Supply Chain Strategies in the Context of an E-commerce Chain. [online] Researchgate.net. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sivanilza_Machado3/publication/275019438_Supply_Chain_Strategies_In_The_Context_Of_An_E-Commerce_Chain_E-Chain/links/552e68070cf2acd38cb9451d.pdf?origin=publication_detail [Accessed 23 Sep. 2016]. Shabbir, (2016). 19 Essential Ecommerce Marketing Strategies. [online] Bootstrappingecommerce.com. Available at: https://bootstrappingecommerce.com/ecommerce-marketing-strategies/ [Accessed 23 Sep. 2016].